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Chemistry Websites
| Pharmaceutical Department | Website |
|---|---|
| Warner Babcock Institute of Green Chemistry, USA | www.warnerbabcock.com |
| Center for Green Chemistry & Green Engineering, Yale University, USA | www.greenchemistry.yale.edu |
| Green Chemistry Network Center (GCNC) | www.gcnc.in |
| Canadian Green Chemistry Network | www.greenchemistry.ca |
| Environmental Chemistry | www.environmentalchemistry.com |
| EPA Green Chemistry Program | www.epa.gov/greenchemistry |
| American Chemical Society - Green Chemistry Institute | www.acs.org |
| Green Chemistry Network | www.rsc.org/Membership/Networking/GCN |
| Greener Education Materials for Chemists | www.uoregon.edu |
| Royal Chemical Society, UK | www.rsc.org |
| Department Science & Technology, Govt. of India (Green Chemistry Task Force) | www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar04-05chemical.htm |
| International Green Chemistry World | www.industrialgreenchem.com |
Basic SI Units
| Physical Dimension | Symbol for Quantity | SI Symbol | Name of SI Units |
|---|---|---|---|
| Length | l | m | meter |
| Mass | m | kg | kilogram |
| Time | t | s | second |
| Electric current | I | A | ampere |
| Thermodynamic temperature | T | K | Kelvin |
| Amount of substance | n | Mole | mole |
| Luminous intensity | Iv | cd | candela |
Physical Constants
| Quantity | Symbol | Traditional Units | SI Units |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acceleration of gravity | g | 980.6 cm/s | 9.806 m/s |
| Atomic mass unit (1/12th of the mass of 12C atom) | amu | 1.6606 X 10-24 g | 1.6606 X 10-27 kg |
| Avogadro constant | Na | 6.022 X 1023 particles/mol | 6.022 X 1023 particles/mol |
| Boltzmann constant | k | 1.3807 X10-16 erg/K | 1.3807 X 10-23 J/K |
| Charge-to-mass ratio of electron | e/m | 1.7588 X 108 Coulomb/g | 1.7588 X 1011 C/kg |
| Electronic charge | e | 1.60219 X 10-19 Coulomb 4.8033 X 10-19 esu | 1.60219 X 10-19 C |
| Faraday constant | F | 96,487 C·eq-1 | 96,487 C·mol-1 |
| Gas constant | R | 1.987 cal/mol. K | 8.3145 kPa dm3/ mol .K 8.3145 J/ mol.K |
| Molar volume (STP) | Vm | 22.710981 L/mol | 22.710981 X 10-3 m3/mol 22.710981 dm3/ mol |
Prefix used in SI System
| Multiple | Prefix | Symbol |
|---|---|---|
| 10-15 | Femto | f |
| 10-12 | Pico | p |
| 10-9 | Nano | n |
| 10-6 | Micro | µ |
| 10-3 | Milli | m |
| 10-2 | Centi | c |
| 10-1 | Deci | d |
| 10 | Deca | da |
| 102 | Hecta | h |
| 103 | Kilo | k |
| 106 | Mega | M |
| 109 | Giga | G |
| 1012 | Tera | T |
| 1015 | Peta | P |
Acid-Base Indicator Selection
| Name | pH range | Color Change |
|---|---|---|
| Thymol Blue | 1.2-2.8 | Red to Yellow |
| Bromophenol Blue | 3.0-4.6 | Yellow to Blue |
| Congo Red | 3.0-5.0 | Blue to Red |
| Bromophenol Blue | 3.0-4.5 | Yellow to Blue |
| Methyl Orange | 3.2-4.2 | Red to Yellow/Orange |
| Bromocresol Green | 3.8-5.4 | Yellow to Blue |
| Methyl Red | 4.2-6.2 | Pink to Yellow |
| Methyl Red Hydrochloride | 4.2-6.2 | Pink to Yellow |
| Rosolic Acid | 5.0-8.0 | Mow to Red |
| Bromocresol Purple | 5.2-6.8 | Yellow to Purple |
| Alizarin | 5.8-7.2 | Yellow to Red |
| Bromothymol Blue | 6.0-7.6 | Yellow to Blue |
| m-Nitrophenol | 6.8-8.6 | Colorless to Yellow |
| Phenol Red | 6.8-8.2 | Yellow to Red |
| Cresol Red | 7.0-8.8 | Yellow to Violet Red |
| Thymol Blue | 8.0-9.2 | Yellow to Blue |
| Phenolphthalein | 8.0-10.0 | Colorless to Red |
| Thymolphthalein | 8.8-10.5 | Colorless to Blue |
| Alizarin | 1.0-13.0 | Red to Purple |
| Acid Fuchsin | 12.0-14.0 | Red to Colorless |
Preparation of Standard Solution
| Specific Gravity (20°C) | Molarity (M) | Qualtity required in ml to make 1 liter 1 Molar Solution | Normality (N) | Quantity required in ml to make 1 liter 1 Normal Solution |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glacial Acetic acid | 1.05 | 17.4 | 57.5 | 17.4 | 57.5 |
| Ammonia 30% | 0.89 | 14.5 | 69 | 14.5 | 69 |
| Ammonia 25% | 0.91 | 13.4 | 74.6 | 13.4 | 74.6 |
| Hydrochloric acid 36% | 1.18 | 11.7 | 85.8 | 11.7 | 85.8 |
| Hydrofluoric acid 40% | 1.13 | 22.6 | 44.2 | 22.6 | 44.2 |
| Hydrofluoric acid 48% | 1.15 | 28.9 | 34.5 | 28.9 | 34.5 |
| Nitric acid 70% | 1.42 | 15.8 | 63.3 | 15.8 | 63.3 |
| Perchloric acid 60% | 1.54 | 9.2 | 108.7 | 9.2 | 108.7 |
| Perchloric acid 70% | 1.67 | 11.6 | 86.2 | 11.6 | 86.2 |
| Sulphuric acid 98% | 1.84 | 18 | 53.1 | 36 | 26.2 |
| Phosphoric acid 85% | 1.7 | 15.2 | 65.8 | 45.6 | 21.9 |
Concentrations
| Percentage (%) | Part per Million (ppm) | Part per Billion (ppb) | Part per Trillion (ppt) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10,000 | 10,000,000 | 10,000,000,000 |
| 0.1 | 1,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 |
| 0.0001 | 1 | 1,000 | 1,000,000 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.001 | 1 | 1,000 |
| 0.0000000001 | 0.000001 | 0.001 | 1 |
| 0.0000000000001 | 0.000000001 | 0.000001 | 0.001 |
Common Units of Mass & Weight
| 1 pound = | 453.5924 grams | 0.45359 kilograms | 7000 grains |
| 1 kilogram = | 1000 grams | 2.205 pounds | - |
| 1 gram = | 10 decigrams | 100 centigrams | 1000 milligrams |
| 1 metric ton = | 1000 kilograms | 2204.62 pounds | - |
Common Units of Length
| 1 inch = | 2.54 centimeters | - | - | - |
| 1 mile = | 5280 feet | 1.609 kilometers | 0.3048 meters | - |
| 1 mile = | 5280 feet | 1.609 kilometers | - | - |
| 1 yard = | 36 inches | 0.9144 meter | - | - |
| 1 meter = | 100 centimeters | 39.37 inches | 3.281 feet | 1.094 yards |
| 1 kilometer = | 1000 meter | 1094 yards | 0.6215 mile | - |
| 1 angstrom = | 1.0 X 10-8 centimeter | 0.10 nanometer | 1.0 X 10-10 meter | - |
